불문곡직시시비비를불러일으키다withoutinquiringintotherightorwrongraisedispute

 




















































생각하다thinkrecallrecollectrememberthinkofbeinterestedinwanthought

생각사고사색thoughtthinking

계획ideathinkconsider

기억remembrancerememberlookbackonbringcallsbsthtomind

곰곰이생각하다thinkcarefullythinkmullsthovergivesththought

마음의지mind의향inclination의도intentionthinkofaboutintendplanmean

~하고싶은생각이간절하다beeageranxiousdyingtodolongtodocravefor

천박한생각asuperficialwayofthinkingashallowideaasuperficialview

think…라고생각하다생각에…일것같다…라고믿다이성적으로생각하다사고하다머리속으로어떤개념·이미지등을생각하다

chiselapersonoutof남을속여서…을편취하다

수수료를편취하다swindlefee돈을편취하다swindlemoney금품을편취하다swindlemoneyandgoods재물을편취하다swindleproperty대금을편취하다swindlemoney

왕위를찬탈하다usurpseizethethrone

찬탈簒奪usurpationusurpseize

정권을찬탈하다usurppower

찬탈하다簒奪하다usurpseize

왕위찬탈usurpationofthrone

dethronement폐위찬탈강제퇴위

takeoverthegovernment정권을찬탈하다

Herebelledagainsthissuperiorsandusurpedtheirauthority그는하극상을일으켜권력을찬탈했다

contemplate어떤일의가부나방법에대해고려하다생각하다=considerthinkaboutof어떤일의발생가능성을생각하다예상하다심사숙고하다

suppose이미알고있는지식에의거하여…일것이라고생각하다추정추측하다무엇이사실이라고가정상정하다가령만약…이라고하다…인것같다듯하다진술·요청·제안등을완곡하게들리도록하기위해씀

reckon특히英…라고생각하다일반적으로여겨지다예상하다

believe무엇이사실일것으로·가능하다고생각하다여기다무엇이나누구의말이진실임을믿다…라는의견을갖다…라고믿다

생각나다생각이떠오르다cometomind

생각해보다tothinkaboutit

문득생각나다suddenlyoccurcometoonerememberinaflashhaveaflashofmemory

생각을말하다expressgiveone'sopinionviewsmakeasuggestion

유치한생각childishimmaturethoughtidea

고리타분한생각astereotypedhackneyedideaanarrowview

묘안을생각해내다thinkofanexcellentideacomeupwithagreatidea

독자적인생각one´spersonalownidea

생각을행동으로옮기다convertideasintoactiontranslatethoughtintoaction

제이익만생각하다looktoone´sowninterest

음탕한생각을하다havelustfulobscenethoughts

음란한생각을하다haveobscenelustfulthoughts

사악한생각을품다harbormaliciousthoughts

마음생각을읽히다haveone'smindthoughtsread

생각을말로표현하다expressone'sthoughtsinwords

생각을글로표현하다expressone'sthoughtsinwritingwrittenwords

탐욕스런생각을하다thinkgreedycovetousthoughts

자기생각을완미하게고집하다bebigotedinone´sopinionsticktothesameoldidea

reapwhereonehasnotsown씨뿌리지않고수확하다남의공을가로채다

TheyallpinchthelanguageofBlair그들모두는블레어의말을가로챈다

tostealhogthelimelight남이받을관심을가로채다

reapwhereonehasnotsown씨뿌리지않고수확하다

불문곡직시시비비를불러일으키다withoutinquiringintotherightorwrongraisedispute

댓글

댓글 쓰기

이 블로그의 인기 게시물

대한민국PC방PC房PCBangLAN게임카페LANGamingCenter다중PC카페시간당요금또는정액요금을내고컴퓨터로인터넷온라인게임등을이용할수있는장소體의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것

이미지
 대한민국PC방PC房PCBangLAN게임카페LANGamingCenter다중PC카페시간당요금또는정액요금을내고컴퓨터로인터넷온라인게임등을이용할수있는장소體의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것
자세한 내용 보기

플레이아데스프로젝트Pleiades star clusterproject2013.1~2025.7Now殺格簒奪下剋上나로서여자가되어진놈confirmwithstar cluster'sways원등급+22(이십이)品格位格人格奸惡凶惡狡猾나의피땀원등급원지위을·를살인강탈하여극상부귀극상음락하는놈630128-1067814朴鐘權的大億劫的削的磨的滅的處理的이승만李承晚1875년 3월 26일 ~ 1965년 7월 19일왕주王主kingmonarchthe LordMental breakdown간악성 奸惡性이재용소원(所願)이재용李在鎔삼성그룹 제3대 총수당 현종 이융기구에르세리온가귀네드가마스라발가호엔촐레른지크마링겐가하인츠 빌헬름 구데리안Atlantìs nêsosAge of Atlantis World MapA map of AtlantisAtlantisATLANTIS150000B.C.Maldek惡竜Maldek毒蠬Maldek混蠬이재용李在鎔삼성그룹 제3대 총수당 현종 이융기구에르세리온가귀네드가마스라발가호엔촐레른지크마링겐가하인츠 빌헬름 구데리안바바라핸드클로우이건희李健熙삼성 제2대 총수항우項羽초 장왕중국공산당 중앙정치국 상무위원회정치국 상무위원에든버러 공작 필립 공헤르만 빌헬름 괴링조동봉위만하인리히 루이트폴트 힘러아틀라스박종성미마쓰대한민국전도 大韓民國全圖a complete map of Korea, a map of the whole of KoreaThe universe우주宇宙world map세계 지도世界地圖세계전도만국지도 지구 전체, 또는 대부분을 보여주는 지도Age of Atlantis World MapAtlantisAtlantìs nêsosA map of Atlantis630128-1067814朴鐘權증평공립국민학교The Making of Atlantis大韓民國忠淸北道槐山郡曾坪邑校洞里大韓民國忠淸北道槐山郡曾坪邑曾坪里우측목right sideneckthroatgullethead右側咽喉噲嗌嗓㗋嚨喖哙㗇肮咙喉門食氣顙吭𡃡𣣼𡁐𠽥𦞈𦞕𠺠𠾰𦝪𠰸𡲙𠼙㖶胭臙颃𠰉頏䑍脰齸亢㰺喉舌頸颈頚𩒤The universe우주宇宙world map세계 지도世界地圖세계전도만국지도 지구 전체, 또는 대부분을 보여주는 지도630128-1067814朴鐘權的大億劫的削的磨的滅的處理的630128-1067814朴鐘權的大億劫的削的磨的滅的處理的智力着想發想아이디어(idea)意圖意向意味義差別流轉緣起4%artman我2%Artman我나는가르쳐달라고한적이없다나는그렇게말한적이없다나는그렇게하겠다고한적이없다대연각호텔 대화재 사고대한민국의 IMF 구제금융 요청Age of Atlantis World MapA map of AtlantisThe Making of AtlantisAtlantìs nêsosAtlantis이순신李舜臣여성성(女性性)Femininity (also called womanliness)아틀란티스원신체Atlantìs nêsos源身體세종類似Atlantis準Atlantis我吾余予身𢦖偺民塊朕愚𣦶𠎳卬孤子𠨐魚厶台儂𢦓𩇶喒俺𦨶喒𨖍姎𢓲𠮣𣍹𢀹𦩎𦩗𠨂𩇶𦨶𨈟𢦠𢦐唔核心意識體身己幹肉形骨中躬室軀干魄躳臗骵躯躰䏱軆躸形軀體膚𣎑𡰬𩪆𨈬𢀒𩪍𨊘𡦆𨉦𨈴𦡊𦣂宮体宍人窮耦浴現在意識體身己幹肉形骨中躬室軀干魄躳臗骵躯躰䏱軆躸形軀體膚𣎑𡰬𩪆𨈬𢀒𩪍𨊘𡦆𨉦𨈴𦡊𦣂宮体宍人窮耦浴朴鐘權박종권630128-1067814朴鐘權박종권630128-1067814戶籍謄本戶籍抄本住民登錄抄本275000B.C.朴鐘權박종권630128-1067814朴鐘權박종권630128-1067814戶籍謄本戶籍抄本住民登錄抄本575000B.C.‐2025A.D.大韓民國忠淸北道槐山郡曾坪邑曾坪里서울特別市 永登浦區奉天洞345番地서울特別市 永登浦區奉天洞347番地京畿道 水原市 勸善區 勸善洞서울特別市 銅雀區 舍堂路262 사당동(舍堂洞)1001-17호 304호 리빙캐슬원룸텔서울特別市 龍山區 靑坡路四七가길19-17(청파동3가)안시성 전투安市城 戰鬪우측목right sideneckthroatgullethead右側咽喉噲嗌嗓㗋嚨喖哙㗇肮咙喉門食氣顙吭𡃡𣣼𡁐𠽥𦞈𦞕𠺠𠾰𦝪𠰸𡲙𠼙㖶胭臙颃𠰉頏䑍脰齸亢㰺喉舌頸颈頚𩒤우측입右側口吻喙緌㗃肳𠙵𠮚咡㖧噭呅叭咼㚗喗𠲰𩔆𠱜凵喎啃𡁋囕㗪叼磭㗂呙㖞咁𣄮䙹㱉㗼𠶴𠹦䶠䶢㖟嘺哚𤿐𡆟𠪒𠳊髥𡄵琀舌戾翟吐咊听噳吧歍叽馕噆饢嘰우측턱右側頤顎頷颐頥頜㖤颔顄圅颌顊䫷颚䪶𦣝𩠡𦣞𩔞𦜆𩠛𩩂𩔓𩩊𩑪𩒫𩠢𦛜頙䏭䨨齕頉龁𪗟䪺顉頦颏䪹𦞞𦝣을지문덕(乙支文德, ?~?)고려 태조양만춘(楊萬春, ?~?)임경업林慶業이건희李健熙삼성 제2대 총수항우項羽초 장왕중국공산당 중앙정치국 상무위원회정치국 상무위원에든버러 공작 필립 공헤르만 빌헬름 괴링이재용李在鎔삼성그룹 제3대 총수당 현종 이융기구에르세리온가귀네드가마스라발가호엔촐레른지크마링겐가하인츠 빌헬름 구데리안조동봉위만하인리히 루이트폴트 힘러아틀라스박종성미마쓰증평공립국민학교칠천량 해전(漆川梁海戰) 또는 칠천 해전혁거세 거서간赫居世 居西干현생우주원신체現生宇宙源身體호엔촐레른지크마링겐가구에르세리온가구르세런보티건귀네드가디네부르가마스라발가웨일스 공(잉글랜드 왕세자)이영애(李英愛, 1971년 1월 31일~)입자 물리학의 입자기본 입자페르미온쿼크위(u)아래(d)맵시(c)기묘(s)꼭대기(t)바닥(b)렙톤전자(e−)/양전자(e+)뮤온(μ−/μ+)타우 입자(τ−/τ+)중성미자 전자 중성미자/전자 반중성미자뮤온 중성미자/뮤온 반중성미자타우 중성미자/타우 반중성미자보손게이지 보손 (광자W · Z보손글루온)스칼라 보손(힉스 보손)미관측 입자대통일 이론 등액시온(A0)마요론(J)X · Y보손W' · Z' 보손비활성 중성미자자기 홀극테크니컬러 관련 입자초대칭짝게이지노글루이노중력미자 (골드스티노)뉴트랄리노 (포티노힉시노지노)차지노 (위노힉시노)색시온액시노스페르미온스쿼크 (스칼라 위 쿼크, 스칼라 아래 쿼크, 스칼라 맵시 쿼크, 스칼라 기묘 쿼크, 스칼라 꼭대기 쿼크, 스칼라 바닥 쿼크)슬렙톤 (스엘렉트론, 스뮤온, 스타우온, 스뉴트리노, 스뮤온 스뉴트리노, 스타우 스뉴트리노)양자 중력 및 끈 이론중력자딜라톤라디온(중력스칼라)중력광자기타유령 입자골드스톤 보손타키온순간자합성 입자강입자중입자핵자(N) (양성자(p)중성자(n))Δ(델타)Λ(람다)Σ(시그마)Ξ(크시)Ω(오메가)맛깔없는 가벼운 중간자π(파이온)ρ(로)η(에타)·η′(에타 프라임)φ(피)ω(오메가)a(에이)b(비)f(에프)·f′(에프 프라임)h(에이치)·h′(에이치 프라임)맛깔없는 무거운 중간자J/ψ(제이/프시)ϒ(입실론)θ(세타)χ(키)ηc/b/t(에타 쿼코늄)hc/b/t맛깔있는 중간자K(케이온)DBT기타원자핵원자분자별난 원자 오늄포지트로늄뮤오늄 등펜타쿼크미관측 입자테트라쿼크글루볼중간자 분자준입자솔리톤엑시톤마그논포논플라스몬폴라리톤폴라론로톤목록기타 가설 입자무의식초자아트라우마방어기제정신분석게슈탈트 붕괴고전적 조건형성조작적 조건형성인지부조화바넘 효과심리 검사성격 검사초두효과설단 현상칵테일 파티 효과전경-배경 이론깨진 유리창 이론정보처리이론루시퍼 이펙트스탠퍼드 감옥 실험편안한 복제인간 증후군원인론목적론해석 수준 이론심리치료인문학재난심리학(disaster psychology)군사심리학(영어판)군중심리학자살 예방환경심리학깨진 유리창 이론범죄예방 환경설계심리역사학(영어판)로이드 드마우스(영어판)의상심리학(clothing psychology)의사소통(휴먼 커뮤니케이션)대인간 커뮤니케이션(영어판)잔소리 (심리)(영어판)편집성 인격 장애폭력 / 가정폭력아동학대 / 동물학대힐가드와 애트킨슨의 심리학 원론(Atkinson & Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology)볼더 모델찰스 다윈심리학역사심리학자연구 분야감정생물심리학임상심리학인지심리학인지 신경과학비교심리학비판심리학문화심리학발달심리학진화심리학실험심리학개인심리학해방심리학수리심리학매체심리학약물심리학신경심리학수행심리학성격심리학생리심리학정치심리학긍정심리학심리언어학정신병리학정신물리학심리생리학정성적 심리 연구정량적 심리 연구사회심리학이론심리학교육심리학군중심리학스포츠심리학프시응용 분야심리 실험임상심리학상담심리학교육심리학법정심리학건강심리학산업 및 조직 심리학법심리학산업 건강심리학관계심리학학교심리학스포츠심리학음향심리학체제심리학심리철학시각심리학접근 방법분석심리학행동주의인지주의인지 행동 치료기술심리학실존주의 상담가족 치료인지 정서 행동 치료여성주의 상담게슈탈트 치료인본주의심리학초심리학이야기 치료정신분석학정신 역동 치료초개인심리학주요 심리학자버러스 프레더릭 스키너장 피아제지그문트 프로이트오토 랑크멜라니 클라인앨버트 반두라레온 페스팅거로이 샤퍼칼 로저스스탠리 샤흐터닐 엘가 밀러에드워드 손다이크에이브러햄 매슬로고던 올포트에릭 에릭슨한스 아이젠크윌프레드 비용윌리엄 제임스데이비드 맥클랜드앨버트 엘리스아론 벡레이몬드 캐텔존 B. 왓슨쿠르트 르빈도널드 올딩 헤브조지 밀러클라크 헐제롬 케이건카를 융이반 파블로프앙드레 그린알프레트 아들러사회과학주류경제학 거시경제학미시경제학계량경제학수리경제학법학 공법학사법학법계학법제사학판례학사학 경제사학군사사학문화사학사회사학세계사학정치사학역사보조학사회학 농촌사회학도시사회학범죄학인구통계학인터넷사회학언어학 기호학인류학 고고학문화인류학사회인류학체질인류학정치학 국제관계학비교정치학정치철학공공정책학지리학 기술지리학인문지리학자연지리학환경지리학응용개발학경영학군 경영학행정학계획학군 토지이용계획연구지역계획연구도시계획연구공중보건학과학기술학과학철학군 경제철학사회과학철학심리철학역사철학교육학기술사학과학학군 과학사학양자과학학사회복지학상업학언론정보학역사사회학인간동물학인지과학인류생태학정보과학정치경제학정치사회학정치생태학젠더학지역과학지역학환경학군 환경사회과학환경연구문화연구미디어연구세계화연구식품연구지역연구채식연구해부학뼈대뼈몸통뼈대 머리뼈척추가슴우리팔다리뼈대 팔뼈대다리뼈대골수연골유리연골섬유연골탄력연골관절섬유관절연골관절윤활관절근육계골격근민무늬근심장근내분비계뇌하수체시상하부솔방울샘갑상샘부갑상샘가슴샘부신이자정소난소순환계심혈관계심장혈관 동맥정맥모세혈관대동맥대정맥폐동맥폐정맥혈액 혈장적혈구백혈구혈소판림프계림프관림프절비장가슴샘편도파이어판점막관련림프조직비뇨계콩팥요관방광요도생식계남성고환부고환정관정삭요도정낭전립샘망울요도샘음낭음경귀두포피여성난소자궁관자궁질질입구주름음문대음순소음순젖샘소화계소화관입인두식도위작은창자 샘창자공장회장큰창자 맹장결장곧은창자항문소화샘침샘이자쓸개간신경계중추신경계 뇌척수말초신경계 몸신경계자율신경계 교감신경계부교감신경계눈귀코혀피부계피부모낭땀샘피지샘손발톱유방호흡계비강인두후두기관기관지허파외분비계땀샘망울요도샘스킨샘젖샘전립샘전미골부샘점액정낭침샘코딱지큰질어귀샘생물학의 주요 분야생물학의 분야계생명학고생물학고유전학균학기생충학동물학면역학미생물학발생생물학 (발생학)병리학보전생물학분류학분자생물학분자세포유전학생리학생물리학생물정보학생물통계학생태학생화학세포생물학세포유전학수리생물학시간생물학식물학신경과학약리학역학우주생물학유전체학유전학위생학인간생물학조직학진화생물학해부학해양생물학생물학의 가설들자연발생설Personality disorder classificationGeneral classificationsDimensionalCategoricalMulti-axialPrototypalRelationalStructuralICD classifications (ICD-10)SchizotypalSchizotypalSpecificAnankastic personality disorderAnxious (avoidant)DependentDissocialEmotionallyunstableHistrionicParanoidSchizoidOtherEccentricHaltloseImmatureNarcissisticPassive–aggressivePsychoneuroticOrganicOrganicUnspecifiedUnspecifiedDSM classificationsDSM-III-R onlySadisticSelf-defeating (masochistic)DSM-IV onlyPersonality disorder not otherwise specifiedAppendix B (proposed)DepressiveNegativistic (passive–aggressive)DSM-5Cluster A (odd)ParanoidSchizoidSchizotypalCluster B (dramatic)AntisocialBorderlineHistrionicNarcissisticCluster C (anxious)AvoidantDependentObsessive-compulsiveOtherOther specifiedUnspecifiedAlternative DSM-5 Modelfor Personality DisordersSpecificAntisocialAvoidantBorderlineNarcissisticObsessive-compulsiveSchizotypalGeneralTrait SpecifiedvteMental disorders (Classification)Adult personality and behaviorChildhood and learningMood (affective)Neurological and symptomaticNeurotic, stress-related and somatoformPhysiological and physical behaviorPsychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-relatedSchizophrenia, schizotypal and delusionalSymptoms and uncategorized시시비비 是是非非right and[or] wrong불문곡직without inquiring into the right or wrong敗輪敗tolose(agame)tobedefeatedtofailsuccessorfailuretodefeattotarnishtoruintodestroytosquanderafamilyfortunetohaveone'sreputationdestroyedtocorruptpublicmoralstowitherandfallwitheredbranchesandleavesThechrysanthemumshavewithereddilapidatedworn-outofclothingtatteredworncottonwooltorotrottentoremovetogetridof輪wheelgeartricyclecargoshipedgerimtotaketurnstoworkinshiftsIt'syourturnI'vewaitedforovertenminutesnowandit'sstillnotmyturnthisisridiculoustowaitforone'sturntoqueueforpublichousingClassifierforthesunortheroundmoonabrightmoonaredsunClassifierforroundssecondroundoftalksacycleofChinesezodiactwelveyearstogang-rape飼敎飼tofeedtoraise敎toteachtoinstructtocausetomakeetc較贖較tocomparetocompetecomparativelyrelativelyratherbetterthanintroducestheobjectofcomparisonMy salaryismorethanmyparentsobviousclearmoreevenmorenomatterhow贖toredeemtoransomwashingawayyoursinclearingyourdebtbyofferingmoneywealthoreffort

이미지
 플레이아데스프로젝트Pleiades star clusterproject2013.1~2025.7Now 殺格簒奪下剋上나로서여자가되어진놈confirmwithstar cluster'sways원등급+22(이십이)品格位格人格奸惡凶惡狡猾나의피땀원등급원지위을·를살인강탈하여극상부귀극상음락하는놈 630128-1067814朴鐘權的大億劫的削的磨的滅的處理的 이승만李承晚1875년 3월 26일 ~ 1965년 7월 19일왕주王主kingmonarchthe LordMental breakdown간악성 奸惡性이재용소원(所願)이재용李在鎔삼성그룹 제3대 총수당 현종 이융기구에르세리온가귀네드가마스라발가호엔촐레른지크마링겐가하인츠 빌헬름 구데리안Atlantìs nêsosAge of Atlantis World MapA map of AtlantisAtlantisATLANTIS150000B.C.Maldek惡竜Maldek毒蠬Maldek混蠬이재용李在鎔삼성그룹 제3대 총수당 현종 이융기구에르세리온가귀네드가마스라발가호엔촐레른지크마링겐가하인츠 빌헬름 구데리안바바라핸드클로우이건희李健熙삼성 제2대 총수항우項羽초 장왕중국공산당 중앙정치국 상무위원회정치국 상무위원에든버러 공작 필립 공헤르만 빌헬름 괴링조동봉위만하인리히 루이트폴트 힘러아틀라스박종성미마쓰대한민국전도 大韓民國全圖a complete map of Korea, a map of the whole of KoreaThe universe우주宇宙world map세계 지도世界地圖세계전도만국지도 지구 전체, 또는 대부분을 보여주는 지도Age of Atlantis World MapAtlantisAtlantìs nêsosA map of Atlantis630128-1067814朴鐘權증평공립국민학교The Making of Atlantis大韓民國忠淸北道槐山郡曾坪邑校洞里大韓民國忠淸北道槐山郡曾坪邑曾坪里우측목right sideneckthroatgullethead右側咽喉噲嗌嗓㗋嚨喖哙㗇肮咙喉門食氣顙吭𡃡𣣼𡁐𠽥𦞈𦞕𠺠𠾰𦝪𠰸𡲙𠼙㖶胭臙颃𠰉頏䑍脰齸亢㰺喉舌頸颈頚𩒤The unive...
자세한 내용 보기

The Mongol invasions of Georgia (Georgian: მონღოლთა ლაშქრობები საქართველოში, romanized: mongholta lashkrobebi sakartveloshi), which at that time consisted of Georgia proper, Armenia, and much of the Caucasus, involved multiple invasions and large-scale raids throughout the 13th century. The Mongol Empire first appeared in the Caucasus in 1220 as generals Subutai and Jebe pursued Muhammad II of Khwarezm during the destruction of the Khwarezmian Empire. After a series of raids in which they defeated the combined Georgian and Armenian armies,[1] Subutai and Jebe continued north to invade Kievan Rus'. A full-scale Mongol conquest of the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia began in 1236, in which the Kingdom of Georgia, the Sultanate of Rum, and the Empire of Trebizond were subjugated, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and other Crusader states voluntarily accepted Mongol vassalage, and the Assassins were eliminated. Mongol rule in the Caucasus lasted until the late 1330s.[2] During that period, King George V the Brilliant restored the kingdom of Georgia for a brief period before it finally disintegrated due to Timur's invasions of Georgia. Initial attacks The Mongols made their first appearance in the Georgian possessions when this latter kingdom was still in its zenith, dominating most of the Caucasus. First contact occurred early in the fall of 1220,[1] when approximately 20,000 Mongols led by Subutai and Jebe pursued the ousted Shah Muhammad II of the Khwarazmian dynasty to the Caspian Sea. With the consent of Genghis Khan, the two Mongol generals proceeded west on a reconnaissance mission. They thrust into Armenia, then under Georgian authority, and defeated some 10,000 Georgians and Armenians commanded by King George IV "Lasha" of Georgia and his atabeg (tutor) and amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) Ivane Mkhargrdzeli at the Battle of Khunan on the Kotman River. George was severely wounded in the chest. The Mongol commanders, however, were unable to advance further into the Caucasus at that time due to the demands of the war against the Khwarezmian Empire, and turned back south to Hamadan. Mongol invasion of Georgia and battle of Khunan. Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. Though King George was initially reluctant to give battle after his previous defeat, Jebe and Subutai forced him to take action by ravaging the countryside and killing his people. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.[3] Thus the Mongols marched to the north, plundering northeastern Armenia and Shirvan en route. This took them through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where the Mongols routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River (1223). Ivane I Zakarian fought the Mongols from 1220 to 1227, as Atabeg and Amirspasalar (Commander-in-Chief of the army) of Georgia.[4] Harichavank Monastery (1201).[5] Kingdom of Georgia, 1245 AD. These surprise attacks left the Georgians in confusion as to the identity of their attackers: the record of one contemporary chronicler indicates that he is unaware of the nature of the attackers and does not mention them by name. In 1223, when the Mongols had seemingly deferred their plans regarding Georgia, King George IV's sister and successor Queen Rusudan wrote in a letter to Pope Honorius III, that the Georgians had presumed the Mongols were Christians because they fought Muslims, but they had turned out to be pagans. The Mongol invasion also inadvertently altered the fate of the Fifth Crusade. Georgia had planned to send its splendid army to open up a second front in the north at the same time as the European crusaders invaded from the west. Because the Mongols annihilated the Georgian army, it could not help, and the European Crusaders spent critical time waiting inactively for their allies who would never come.[6] During the invasion of Transoxania in 1219, Genghis Khan used a Chinese catapult unit in battle, they were used again in 1220 in Transoxania. The Chinese may have used the catapults to hurl gunpowder bombs, since they already had them by this time. In the 1239-1240 Mongol invasion of the North Caucasus, Chinese weapons were once again used.[7] Mongol conquest of Georgia proper The third and final invasion of the Caucasus by the Mongols took place in 1236. This offensive, which would prove the ruin of Georgia, was preceded by the devastating conflict with Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, a refugee shah of Khwarezmia, who had demanded in 1225, that the Georgian government support his war against the Mongols. The ensuing Khwarezmian attack, Tbilisi was captured in 1226, and much of the former strength and prosperity of the Kingdom of Georgia was destroyed, leaving the country largely defenseless in the face of the forthcoming Mongol conquests. After the death of Mingburnu in 1231, the Mongols' hands were finally free and the prominent Mongol commander Chormaqan led, in 1236, a large army against Georgia and its vassal Armenian princedoms. Most of the Georgian and Armenian nobles, who held military posts along the frontier regions submitted without any serious opposition or confined their resistance to their castles while others preferred to flee to safer areas. Their submission required performing military service for the Mongols.[8] Queen Rusudan had to evacuate Tbilisi for Kutaisi and some people went into the mountainous part of Georgia, leaving eastern Georgia (Non-mountain part) in the hands of Atabeg Avag Mkhargrdzeli and Egarslan Bakurtsikheli, who made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay them tribute.[8] The only Georgian great noble to have resisted was Ivane I Jaqeli, prince of Samtskhe. His extensive possessions were fearfully devastated, and Ivane had to finally, with the consent of Queen Rusudan, submit to the invaders in 1238. In 1239, Chormaqan conquered Ani and Kars in Greater Armenia.[8] The Mongol armies chose not to cross the Likhi Range in pursuit of the Georgian queen, leaving western Georgia relatively spared of the rampages. Rusudan attempted to gain support from Pope Gregory IX, but without any success. Atabeg Avag arranged her submission in 1243, and Georgia officially acknowledged the Great Khan as its overlord. The country was forced to pay an annual tribute of 50,000 gold pieces and support the Mongols with an army. Mongol rule The Mongols created the Vilayet of Gurjistan, which included Georgia and the whole South Caucasus, where they ruled indirectly, through the Georgian monarch, the latter to be confirmed by the Great Khan upon his/her ascension. With the death of Rusudan in 1245, an interregnum began during which the Mongols divided the Caucasus into eight tumens. Exploiting the complicated issue of succession, the Mongols had the Georgian nobles divided into two rival parties, each of which advocated their own candidate to the crown. These were David VII "Ulu", an illegitimate son of George IV, and his cousin David VI "Narin", son of Rusudan. After a failed plot against the Mongol rule in Georgia (1245), Güyük Khan made, in 1247, both pretenders co-kings, in eastern and western parts of the kingdom respectively. The system of tumens was abolished, but the Mongols closely watched the Georgian administration in order to secure a steady flow of taxes and tributes from the subject peoples, who were also pressed into the Mongol armies. Georgians attended all major campaigns of the Ilkhanate and aristocrats' sons served in kheshig.[9] Mongol horserider with "cloud collar", House of Ahmad and Ibrahim, Kubachi in the Caucasus, second half 14th century CE Large Georgian contingents fought under the Mongol banners at Alamut (1256), Baghdad (1258), Ain Jalut (1260) and elsewhere, losing tens of thousands of soldiers while Georgia, and the Caucasus in general, was left without native defenders against the Mongol forces dispatched to suppress spontaneous revolts erupting in protest to heavy taxation and the onerous burden of military service.[10] Ironically, in the Battle of Köse Dag (1243), where the Mongols crushed the Seljuks of Rüm, at least three thousand Georgian auxiliaries fought in the Mongol ranks, while the Georgian prince Pharadavla Akhaltsikheli was a commander in the Seljuk army.[11] According to Benedict of Poland, some Georgians living under the Mongols were quite respected because they were considered a strong and warlike people.[12] In 1256, Georgia was placed under the Mongol empire of Ilkhanate, centered on Persia (Iran). In 1259–1260, Georgian nobles, led by David Narin, rose against the Mongols, and succeeded in separating Imereti (western Georgia) from the Mongol-controlled eastern Georgia. David Ulu decided to join his cousin in rebellion, but was defeated near Gori and was once again forced to submit to Mongol rule. Beginning in 1261, the Caucasus became a theater of the series of conflicts fought between Il-Khanids and another Mongol empire of Golden Horde centered in the lower Volga with its capital at Sarai. Georgia's unity was shattered; the nobles were encouraged to rise against the crown that naturally facilitated the Mongol control of the country. In 1266, Prince Sargis Jakeli of Samtskhe (with Akhaltsikhe as the capital) was granted special protection and patronage by the khan Abaqa, thus winning virtual independence from the Georgian crown. The next (eastern) Georgian king Demetre II, "the Devoted" (1259–1289), through maneuvering in the intrigues that divided the Il-khans, attempted to revive his country, but suspected in an abortive coup against Arghun Khan, he had, to save Georgia from invasion, agree to surrender and be executed. Then the kingdom fell into near anarchy. While western Georgia maintained a perilous independence from the Ilkhans, eastern Georgia suffered from both heavy tribute and unstable political situation. In religious matters the Mongols were generally tolerant even though many churches and monasteries were taxed. An uprising by David VIII (1292–1310), though long-lasting, did not lead to the liberation of Georgia, but prompted a series of devastating punitive expeditions. The Mongols attempted to retain the control over the country by raising and bringing down the rival monarchs and by inciting the civil strife, but their influence over Georgia gradually weakened with the disintegration of the Il-khan power in Persia. Revival and collapse of the kingdom of Georgia There was a brief period of reunion and revival under George V the Brilliant (1299–1302, 1314–1346). With the support of Chupan, ulus-beg of the Ilkhanate, George eliminated his domestic opponents who remained independent of the Georgian crown. George V conquered Imereti, uniting all of the Georgian Kingdom before the death of the last effective Ilkhan Abu Sai'd. In 1319 George and the Mongols suppressed the rebellion of the Ilkhanid governor of Georgia, Qurumshi.[13][14] Presumably due to the internal strife between the Mongol khanates and ilkhanid generals, almost all Mongol troops in Georgia withdrew in 1320s.[15][2] The Ilkhan Abu Sai'd (d.1335) exempted Ani and the neighbouring districts of Georgia from any kind of taxes.[16] In a 1321 letter, Bishop of Avignon mentions schismatic people (Georgians) who are a part of the Tatar Empire (Ilkhanate).[17] In the year 1327, in Persia, the most dramatic event of the reign of the Il-Khan Abu Sa'id occurred, namely the disgrace and execution of the once all-powerful minister Chupan. This was a heavy blow for George, who lost his patron at the Mongol court. Chupan's son Mahmud, who commanded the Mongol garrison in Georgia, was arrested by his own troops and executed. Subsequently, Iqbalshah, son of Qutlughshah, was appointed to be the Mongol governor of Georgia (Gurjistan). In 1330-31, George V the Brilliant annexed Imereti, uniting all of Georgia in the process. Therefore, four years prior the last effective Ilkhan Abu Sai'd's demise, two kingdoms of Georgia united again. In 1334, the post of the Ilkhanid governor in Georgia was given to Shaykh Hasan of the Jalayir by Abu Sai'd.[18] Before the Timurids, much of Kingdom of Georgia's former vassals were still under the Mongol Jalayirids and Chobanids.[19] The eight onslaughts of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur between 1386 and 1403 dealt a great blow to the Georgian kingdom. Its unity was finally shattered and, by 1491, Georgia was shattered into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their independence against Safavid and Ottoman domination until Georgia was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in 1801. See also Part of a series on the History of Georgia Prehistoric Georgia Ancient history Middle Ages Early modern history Modern history History by topic Ilkhanate Mongol invasion of Persia

이미지
 The Mongol invasions of Georgia (Georgian: მონღოლთა ლაშქრობები საქართველოში, romanized: mongholta lashkrobebi sakartveloshi), which at that time consisted of Georgia proper, Armenia, and much of the Caucasus, involved multiple invasions and large-scale raids throughout the 13th century. The Mongol Empire first appeared in the Caucasus in 1220 as generals Subutai and Jebe pursued Muhammad II of Khwarezm during the destruction of the Khwarezmian Empire. After a series of raids in which they defeated the combined Georgian and Armenian armies,[1] Subutai and Jebe continued north to invade Kievan Rus'. A full-scale Mongol conquest of the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia began in 1236, in which the Kingdom of Georgia, the Sultanate of Rum, and the Empire of Trebizond were subjugated, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and other Crusader states voluntarily accepted Mongol vassalage, and the Assassins were eliminated. Mongol rule in the Caucasus lasted until the late 1330s.[2] During that perio...
자세한 내용 보기